The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the Product Complexity Index (PCI) are, respectively, measures of the relative knowledge intensity of an economy or a product. ECI measures the knowledge intensity of an economy by considering the knowledge intensity of the products it exports. PCI measures the knowledge intensity of a product by considering the knowledge intensity of its exporters. This circular argument is mathematically tractable and can be used to construct relative measures of the knowledge intensity of economies and products (see methodology section for more details).
ECI has been validated as a relevant economic measure by showing its ability to predict future economic growth (see Hidalgo and Hausmann 2009), and explain international variations in income inequality (see Hartmann et al. 2017.
This page includes rankings using the Economic Complexity Index (ECI).
Showing
Year Range
| Land | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Schweiz
|
1.95964 | 2.01041 | 2.05181 | 1.99456 | 2.12416 | 2.59625 | |
| 2 |
Japan
|
2.31329 | 2.32408 | 2.37352 | 2.31842 | 2.34767 | 2.4687 | |
| 3 |
Singapur
|
1.68651 | 1.70347 | 1.71717 | 1.71171 | 1.72081 | 2.12695 | |
| 4 |
Südkorea
|
1.70696 | 1.64658 | 1.82762 | 1.90646 | 1.97403 | 1.9776 | |
| 5 |
Deutschland
|
1.9408 | 1.87347 | 1.84608 | 1.81367 | 1.91906 | 1.89589 | |
| 6 |
Schweden
|
1.80518 | 1.75179 | 1.75214 | 1.6459 | 1.61477 | 1.59228 | |
| 7 |
Vereinigte Staaten
|
1.49138 | 1.45359 | 1.43702 | 1.30167 | 1.32592 | 1.55257 | |
| 8 |
Vereinigtes Königreich
|
1.54878 | 1.49378 | 1.45544 | 1.40296 | 1.34514 | 1.54527 | |
| 9 |
Tschechische Republik
|
1.69489 | 1.68896 | 1.53381 | 1.52129 | 1.56023 | 1.39521 | |
| 10 |
Israel
|
1.21174 | 1.27127 | 1.22703 | 1.14081 | 1.16926 | 1.37382 | |
| 11 |
Irland
|
1.1731 | 1.24971 | 1.28901 | 1.22044 | 1.31565 | 1.31298 | |
| 12 |
Hongkong
|
0.801652 | 1.09895 | 1.26313 | 1.35236 | 1.35536 | 1.23447 | |
| 13 |
Frankreich
|
1.43611 | 1.36854 | 1.24155 | 1.15748 | 1.20672 | 1.15695 | |
| 14 |
Malaysia
|
0.791729 | 0.91952 | 0.810485 | 0.828817 | 0.971262 | 1.03133 | |
| 15 |
Ungarn
|
1.53397 | 1.52192 | 1.43941 | 1.38229 | 1.40749 | 1.02935 | |
| 16 |
Belgien
|
1.13515 | 1.04707 | 0.951062 | 0.90581 | 0.9484 | 0.99588 | |
| 17 |
Italien
|
1.33488 | 1.31024 | 1.21525 | 1.24155 | 1.24787 | 0.949015 | |
| 18 |
China
|
0.909906 | 1.00792 | 1.04036 | 1.16379 | 1.17107 | 0.89219 | |
| 19 |
Slowakei
|
1.37252 | 1.3272 | 1.21794 | 1.20436 | 1.27947 | 0.866871 | |
| 20 |
Norwegen
|
0.535507 | 0.571734 | 0.614676 | 0.667969 | 0.682789 | 0.822228 | |
| 21 |
Dänemark
|
1.2369 | 1.13685 | 0.995356 | 0.95349 | 0.885645 | 0.808458 | |
| 22 |
Polen
|
1.07468 | 0.960828 | 0.817343 | 0.839266 | 0.832384 | 0.735418 | |
| 23 |
Estland
|
0.746338 | 0.76017 | 0.68394 | 0.752262 | 0.738564 | 0.649198 | |
| 24 |
Panama
|
0.630553 | 0.741643 | 0.710402 | -0.558959 | -0.560582 | 0.584897 | |
| 25 |
Mexiko
|
1.00796 | 0.954246 | 0.846744 | 0.953003 | 0.959052 | 0.572282 | |
| 26 |
Litauen
|
0.64032 | 0.722513 | 0.673455 | 0.63807 | 0.561721 | 0.462709 | |
| 27 |
Kroatien
|
0.91927 | 0.92595 | 0.822129 | 0.837178 | 0.745808 | 0.417804 | |
| 28 |
Spanien
|
0.980784 | 0.842403 | 0.700457 | 0.701443 | 0.656088 | 0.387094 | |
| 29 |
Kanada
|
0.526191 | 0.534847 | 0.421886 | 0.411362 | 0.3821 | 0.342765 | |
| 30 |
Weißrussland
|
0.918398 | 0.82272 | 0.689295 | 0.731427 | 0.702788 | 0.337386 | |
| 31 |
Vereinigte Arabische Emirate
|
0.030733 | -0.009763 | -0.090032 | -0.362895 | -0.251409 | 0.241859 | |
| 32 |
Lettland
|
0.600318 | 0.571625 | 0.478137 | 0.431584 | 0.373305 | 0.197157 | |
| 33 |
Bulgarien
|
0.447953 | 0.497365 | 0.278113 | 0.290812 | 0.318417 | 0.169379 | |
| 34 |
Russland
|
0.009965 | 0.077047 | 0.048022 | 0.008439 | -0.026792 | 0.142872 | |
| 35 |
Serbien
|
0.590053 | 0.562507 | 0.361921 | 0.366673 | 0.316878 | 0.0745877 | |
| 36 |
Portugal
|
0.650139 | 0.6184 | 0.433862 | 0.4937 | 0.480985 | 0.0657328 | |
| 37 |
Indien
|
0.091946 | 0.144541 | -0.134587 | -0.014696 | 0.016682 | 0.0490719 | |
| 38 |
Philippinen
|
0.331523 | 0.394726 | 0.341858 | 0.477815 | 0.381438 | 0.0489485 | |
| 39 |
Bosnien und Herzegowina
|
0.592368 | 0.545884 | 0.562599 | 0.578374 | 0.486929 | 0.0324603 | |
| 40 |
Jordan
|
0.161675 | 0.216056 | -0.140418 | -0.010019 | -0.004415 | -0.0100069 | |
| 41 |
Türkei
|
0.42938 | 0.450234 | 0.287393 | 0.378481 | 0.364792 | -0.0383133 | |
| 42 |
Südafrika
|
0.016592 | -0.023795 | -0.192079 | -0.204966 | -0.188863 | -0.0385376 | |
| 43 |
Tunesien
|
0.233429 | 0.291069 | 0.16411 | 0.214778 | 0.163278 | -0.0927338 | |
| 44 |
Brasilien
|
0.190826 | 0.161553 | 0.032264 | -0.151225 | -0.079082 | -0.103021 | |
| 45 |
Kolumbien
|
-0.001219 | 0.049744 | -0.234596 | -0.194463 | -0.216272 | -0.123219 | |
| 46 |
Neuseeland
|
0.064004 | 0.166665 | -0.096978 | -0.119421 | -0.206663 | -0.126994 | |
| 47 |
Costa Rica
|
0.024263 | 0.247592 | 0.158575 | 0.093993 | 0.005485 | -0.177184 | |
| 48 |
Griechenland
|
0.052732 | -0.02161 | -0.210378 | -0.167862 | -0.157527 | -0.19882 | |
| 49 |
El Salvador
|
-0.117335 | -0.007233 | -0.145168 | -0.070683 | -0.133223 | -0.263641 | |
| 50 |
Uruguay
|
0.081756 | -0.003597 | -0.330617 | -0.349791 | -0.267658 | -0.350881 | |
| 51 |
Indonesien
|
-0.143199 | -0.087123 | -0.160233 | -0.102013 | -0.088124 | -0.365108 | |
| 52 |
Ägypten
|
-0.289977 | -0.321576 | -0.488663 | -0.341403 | -0.271803 | -0.410868 | |
| 53 |
Mazedonien
|
-0.165571 | -0.146735 | -0.323051 | -0.216515 | -0.371769 | -0.423583 | |
| 54 |
Mauritius
|
-0.429113 | ||||||
| 55 |
Australien
|
-0.516626 | -0.528256 | -0.816851 | -0.846322 | -0.763708 | -0.468001 | |
| 56 |
Oman
|
-0.431956 | -0.742942 | -0.874505 | -0.774658 | -0.671414 | -0.52902 | |
| 57 |
Kirgisistan
|
-0.570333 | ||||||
| 58 |
Namibia
|
-0.602309 | -0.241151 | -0.328879 | -0.381863 | -0.397842 | -0.572063 | |
| 59 |
Dominikanische Republik
|
-0.26414 | -0.256286 | -0.406432 | -0.40546 | -0.457736 | -0.599903 | |
| 60 |
Argentinien
|
-0.063178 | -0.148047 | -0.496513 | -0.502072 | -0.528185 | -0.622054 | |
| 61 |
Jamaika
|
-0.215289 | -0.349499 | -0.64931 | -0.787602 | -0.683642 | -0.657155 | |
| 62 |
Kasachstan
|
-0.853388 | -0.787489 | -0.961147 | -1.00924 | -0.994658 | -0.703193 | |
| 63 |
Moldawien
|
0.049706 | 0.115221 | -0.019913 | -0.103664 | -0.214357 | -0.734169 | |
| 64 |
Algerien
|
-1.28473 | -1.56777 | -2.08154 | -1.77252 | -1.6871 | -0.781585 | |
| 65 |
Senegal
|
-0.810511 | -0.622244 | -0.744196 | -0.721723 | -0.847701 | -0.808596 | |
| 66 |
Kambodscha
|
-1.20676 | -0.95203 | -0.904026 | -0.723043 | -0.534499 | -0.819875 | |
| 67 |
Georgia
|
-0.152888 | -0.168891 | -0.419841 | -0.457954 | -0.455472 | -0.843737 | |
| 68 |
Sri Lanka
|
-0.482129 | -0.368732 | -0.530163 | -0.369437 | -0.465842 | -0.852336 | |
| 69 |
Chile
|
-0.328124 | -0.333627 | -0.499261 | -0.532363 | -0.592885 | -0.855573 | |
| 70 |
Botswana
|
-0.354011 | -0.532549 | -0.574288 | -0.790862 | -0.877179 | -0.987254 | |
| 71 |
Albanien
|
0.272749 | -0.472586 | -0.684933 | -0.542079 | -0.650885 | -0.997802 | |
| 72 |
Paraguay
|
-0.619805 | -0.645452 | -0.982503 | -1.10231 | -1.05565 | -1.04279 | |
| 73 |
Mali
|
-1.06046 | ||||||
| 74 |
Pakistan
|
-0.752351 | -0.805746 | -1.03613 | -0.86519 | -0.889031 | -1.06616 | |
| 75 |
Marokko
|
-0.509268 | -0.535805 | -0.774475 | -0.559651 | -0.747625 | -1.09205 | |
| 76 |
Peru
|
-0.746415 | -0.742204 | -1.01445 | -0.956349 | -0.986909 | -1.11161 | |
| 77 |
Simbabwe
|
-0.918402 | -1.00205 | -1.04674 | -0.844104 | -0.926026 | -1.13868 | |
| 78 |
Ghana
|
-1.05444 | -1.00907 | -1.27263 | -1.47184 | -1.15991 | -1.19204 | |
| 79 |
Laos
|
-1.01474 | -1.05514 | -1.20526 | ||||
| 80 |
Tansania
|
-0.995243 | -0.730645 | -0.919298 | -1.03347 | -1.0393 | -1.20639 | |
| 81 |
Äthiopien
|
-1.26465 | -1.15076 | -1.46341 | -1.56239 | -1.46649 | -1.3311 | |
| 82 |
Ecuador
|
-0.770023 | -0.708563 | -1.06674 | -1.30875 | -1.33499 | -1.3774 | |
| 83 |
Madagaskar
|
-0.831354 | -0.726138 | -0.823322 | -0.820193 | -0.964509 | -1.56216 | |
| 84 |
Mongolei
|
-1.20509 | -1.35158 | -1.67769 | -1.55696 | -1.27419 | -1.76497 | |
| 85 |
Mauretanien
|
-1.86292 | -1.6776 | -2.26649 | ||||
| 86 |
Iran
|
-1.00321 | -0.886393 | -0.934617 | ||||
| 87 |
Thailand
|
0.870845 | 0.964292 | 0.87724 | 0.955651 | 1.05247 | ||
| 88 |
Jemen
|
-1.22062 | -1.14902 | -1.34438 | -1.30363 | |||
| 89 |
Venezuela
|
-0.811479 | -1.12529 | -0.942948 | ||||
| 90 |
Rumänien
|
0.73466 | 0.70694 | 0.751166 | 0.787654 | 0.82995 | ||
| 91 |
Togo
|
-0.837184 | -0.778208 | -0.671987 | -0.462205 | -0.371802 | ||
| 92 |
Saudi-Arabien
|
-0.074789 | -0.07214 | -0.462099 | -0.369927 | -0.355486 | ||
| 93 |
Kongo, Republik der
|
-1.21695 | -1.12329 | -0.675039 | -0.730753 | -0.814235 | ||
| 94 |
Ukraine
|
0.480965 | 0.469842 | 0.28954 | 0.268345 | 0.2257 | ||
| 95 |
Vietnam
|
-0.215986 | -0.104485 | -0.231462 | -0.129961 | -0.06973 | ||
| 96 |
Kongo, Demokratische Republik
|
-1.06695 | -1.29544 | |||||
| 97 |
Gabun
|
-0.829728 | -1.36163 | |||||
| 98 |
Angola
|
-2.09087 | -2.79136 | |||||
| 99 |
Kuwait
|
-0.296786 | -0.436697 | -1.49314 | -0.836979 | -0.789111 | ||
| 100 |
Nicaragua
|
-0.883107 | -0.71229 | -0.955061 | -1.00073 | -1.13505 | ||
| 101 |
Finnland
|
1.71439 | 1.61173 | 1.57477 | 1.49895 | 1.45829 | ||
| 102 |
Sudan
|
-1.93445 | -1.65831 | -1.873 | -1.84461 | -1.86774 | ||
| 103 |
Nigeria
|
-1.71191 | -1.61348 | -1.73702 | -1.72001 | -1.79177 | ||
| 104 |
Kenia
|
-0.610053 | -0.580113 | -0.616658 | -0.51908 | -0.57392 | ||
| 105 |
Österreich
|
1.7891 | 1.71686 | 1.72767 | 1.64981 | 1.66445 | ||
| 106 |
Syrien
|
-0.670493 | ||||||
| 107 |
Libanon
|
0.293449 | 0.281872 | 0.107992 | 0.177455 | 0.151603 | ||
| 108 |
Kamerun
|
-0.618845 | -0.546339 | -0.69924 | -0.841034 | -1.00906 | ||
| 109 |
Birma
|
-1.27821 | ||||||
| 110 |
Mosambik
|
-1.3111 | -1.16195 | -1.22607 | -1.2084 | -1.14672 | ||
| 111 |
Trinidad und Tobago
|
-0.567857 | -0.858712 | |||||
| 112 |
Niederlande
|
0.952353 | 0.885129 | 0.818227 | 0.756212 | 0.860275 | ||
| 113 |
Katar
|
-0.395827 | -0.390929 | -0.41667 | -0.264365 | -0.525304 | ||
| 114 |
Turkmenistan
|
-1.00593 | -1.09788 | |||||
| 115 |
Honduras
|
-0.690727 | -0.398168 | -0.429599 | -0.370913 | -0.408544 | ||
| 116 |
Sambia
|
-0.750633 | -0.621731 | -0.731336 | -0.544915 | -0.562239 | ||
| 117 |
Usbekistan
|
-0.555588 | -0.531504 | |||||
| 118 |
Bangladesch
|
-1.10503 | -0.943499 | -1.17559 | ||||
| 119 |
Guinea
|
-1.72675 | -1.66077 | -2.17828 | -1.77331 | |||
| 120 |
Cote d'Ivoire
|
-1.20641 | -1.0558 | -1.05279 | -1.17654 | -1.14491 | ||
| 121 |
Bolivien
|
-0.939743 | -0.853344 | -1.16084 | -1.18122 | -1.29269 | ||
| 122 |
Aserbaidschan
|
-1.44623 | -1.50891 | -1.44358 | -1.7818 | -1.63889 | ||
| 123 |
Slowenien
|
1.46906 | 1.43073 | 1.4359 | 1.41088 | 1.39199 | ||
| 124 |
Guatemala
|
-0.390539 | -0.293485 | -0.505798 | -0.412311 | -0.440422 |