The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the Product Complexity Index (PCI) are, respectively, measures of the relative knowledge intensity of an economy or a product. ECI measures the knowledge intensity of an economy by considering the knowledge intensity of the products it exports. PCI measures the knowledge intensity of a product by considering the knowledge intensity of its exporters. This circular argument is mathematically tractable and can be used to construct relative measures of the knowledge intensity of economies and products (see methodology section for more details).
ECI has been validated as a relevant economic measure by showing its ability to predict future economic growth (see Hidalgo and Hausmann 2009), and explain international variations in income inequality (see Hartmann et al. 2017.
This page includes rankings using the Economic Complexity Index (ECI).
Showing
Year Range
Land | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
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1 |
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1.95964 | 2.01041 | 2.05181 | 1.99456 | 2.12416 | 2.59625 | |
2 |
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2.31329 | 2.32408 | 2.37352 | 2.31842 | 2.34767 | 2.4687 | |
3 |
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1.68651 | 1.70347 | 1.71717 | 1.71171 | 1.72081 | 2.12695 | |
4 |
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1.70696 | 1.64658 | 1.82762 | 1.90646 | 1.97403 | 1.9776 | |
5 |
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1.9408 | 1.87347 | 1.84608 | 1.81367 | 1.91906 | 1.89589 | |
6 |
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1.80518 | 1.75179 | 1.75214 | 1.6459 | 1.61477 | 1.59228 | |
7 |
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1.49138 | 1.45359 | 1.43702 | 1.30167 | 1.32592 | 1.55257 | |
8 |
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1.54878 | 1.49378 | 1.45544 | 1.40296 | 1.34514 | 1.54527 | |
9 |
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1.69489 | 1.68896 | 1.53381 | 1.52129 | 1.56023 | 1.39521 | |
10 |
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1.21174 | 1.27127 | 1.22703 | 1.14081 | 1.16926 | 1.37382 | |
11 |
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1.1731 | 1.24971 | 1.28901 | 1.22044 | 1.31565 | 1.31298 | |
12 |
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0.801652 | 1.09895 | 1.26313 | 1.35236 | 1.35536 | 1.23447 | |
13 |
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1.43611 | 1.36854 | 1.24155 | 1.15748 | 1.20672 | 1.15695 | |
14 |
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0.791729 | 0.91952 | 0.810485 | 0.828817 | 0.971262 | 1.03133 | |
15 |
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1.53397 | 1.52192 | 1.43941 | 1.38229 | 1.40749 | 1.02935 | |
16 |
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1.13515 | 1.04707 | 0.951062 | 0.90581 | 0.9484 | 0.99588 | |
17 |
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1.33488 | 1.31024 | 1.21525 | 1.24155 | 1.24787 | 0.949015 | |
18 |
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0.909906 | 1.00792 | 1.04036 | 1.16379 | 1.17107 | 0.89219 | |
19 |
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1.37252 | 1.3272 | 1.21794 | 1.20436 | 1.27947 | 0.866871 | |
20 |
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0.535507 | 0.571734 | 0.614676 | 0.667969 | 0.682789 | 0.822228 | |
21 |
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1.2369 | 1.13685 | 0.995356 | 0.95349 | 0.885645 | 0.808458 | |
22 |
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1.07468 | 0.960828 | 0.817343 | 0.839266 | 0.832384 | 0.735418 | |
23 |
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0.746338 | 0.76017 | 0.68394 | 0.752262 | 0.738564 | 0.649198 | |
24 |
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0.630553 | 0.741643 | 0.710402 | -0.558959 | -0.560582 | 0.584897 | |
25 |
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1.00796 | 0.954246 | 0.846744 | 0.953003 | 0.959052 | 0.572282 | |
26 |
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0.64032 | 0.722513 | 0.673455 | 0.63807 | 0.561721 | 0.462709 | |
27 |
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0.91927 | 0.92595 | 0.822129 | 0.837178 | 0.745808 | 0.417804 | |
28 |
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0.980784 | 0.842403 | 0.700457 | 0.701443 | 0.656088 | 0.387094 | |
29 |
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0.526191 | 0.534847 | 0.421886 | 0.411362 | 0.3821 | 0.342765 | |
30 |
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0.918398 | 0.82272 | 0.689295 | 0.731427 | 0.702788 | 0.337386 | |
31 |
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0.030733 | -0.009763 | -0.090032 | -0.362895 | -0.251409 | 0.241859 | |
32 |
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0.600318 | 0.571625 | 0.478137 | 0.431584 | 0.373305 | 0.197157 | |
33 |
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0.447953 | 0.497365 | 0.278113 | 0.290812 | 0.318417 | 0.169379 | |
34 |
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0.009965 | 0.077047 | 0.048022 | 0.008439 | -0.026792 | 0.142872 | |
35 |
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0.590053 | 0.562507 | 0.361921 | 0.366673 | 0.316878 | 0.0745877 | |
36 |
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0.650139 | 0.6184 | 0.433862 | 0.4937 | 0.480985 | 0.0657328 | |
37 |
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0.091946 | 0.144541 | -0.134587 | -0.014696 | 0.016682 | 0.0490719 | |
38 |
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0.331523 | 0.394726 | 0.341858 | 0.477815 | 0.381438 | 0.0489485 | |
39 |
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0.592368 | 0.545884 | 0.562599 | 0.578374 | 0.486929 | 0.0324603 | |
40 |
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0.161675 | 0.216056 | -0.140418 | -0.010019 | -0.004415 | -0.0100069 | |
41 |
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0.42938 | 0.450234 | 0.287393 | 0.378481 | 0.364792 | -0.0383133 | |
42 |
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0.016592 | -0.023795 | -0.192079 | -0.204966 | -0.188863 | -0.0385376 | |
43 |
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0.233429 | 0.291069 | 0.16411 | 0.214778 | 0.163278 | -0.0927338 | |
44 |
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0.190826 | 0.161553 | 0.032264 | -0.151225 | -0.079082 | -0.103021 | |
45 |
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-0.001219 | 0.049744 | -0.234596 | -0.194463 | -0.216272 | -0.123219 | |
46 |
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0.064004 | 0.166665 | -0.096978 | -0.119421 | -0.206663 | -0.126994 | |
47 |
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0.024263 | 0.247592 | 0.158575 | 0.093993 | 0.005485 | -0.177184 | |
48 |
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0.052732 | -0.02161 | -0.210378 | -0.167862 | -0.157527 | -0.19882 | |
49 |
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-0.117335 | -0.007233 | -0.145168 | -0.070683 | -0.133223 | -0.263641 | |
50 |
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0.081756 | -0.003597 | -0.330617 | -0.349791 | -0.267658 | -0.350881 | |
51 |
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-0.143199 | -0.087123 | -0.160233 | -0.102013 | -0.088124 | -0.365108 | |
52 |
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-0.289977 | -0.321576 | -0.488663 | -0.341403 | -0.271803 | -0.410868 | |
53 |
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-0.165571 | -0.146735 | -0.323051 | -0.216515 | -0.371769 | -0.423583 | |
54 |
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-0.429113 | ||||||
55 |
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-0.516626 | -0.528256 | -0.816851 | -0.846322 | -0.763708 | -0.468001 | |
56 |
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-0.431956 | -0.742942 | -0.874505 | -0.774658 | -0.671414 | -0.52902 | |
57 |
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-0.570333 | ||||||
58 |
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-0.602309 | -0.241151 | -0.328879 | -0.381863 | -0.397842 | -0.572063 | |
59 |
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-0.26414 | -0.256286 | -0.406432 | -0.40546 | -0.457736 | -0.599903 | |
60 |
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-0.063178 | -0.148047 | -0.496513 | -0.502072 | -0.528185 | -0.622054 | |
61 |
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-0.215289 | -0.349499 | -0.64931 | -0.787602 | -0.683642 | -0.657155 | |
62 |
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-0.853388 | -0.787489 | -0.961147 | -1.00924 | -0.994658 | -0.703193 | |
63 |
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0.049706 | 0.115221 | -0.019913 | -0.103664 | -0.214357 | -0.734169 | |
64 |
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-1.28473 | -1.56777 | -2.08154 | -1.77252 | -1.6871 | -0.781585 | |
65 |
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-0.810511 | -0.622244 | -0.744196 | -0.721723 | -0.847701 | -0.808596 | |
66 |
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-1.20676 | -0.95203 | -0.904026 | -0.723043 | -0.534499 | -0.819875 | |
67 |
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-0.152888 | -0.168891 | -0.419841 | -0.457954 | -0.455472 | -0.843737 | |
68 |
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-0.482129 | -0.368732 | -0.530163 | -0.369437 | -0.465842 | -0.852336 | |
69 |
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-0.328124 | -0.333627 | -0.499261 | -0.532363 | -0.592885 | -0.855573 | |
70 |
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-0.354011 | -0.532549 | -0.574288 | -0.790862 | -0.877179 | -0.987254 | |
71 |
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0.272749 | -0.472586 | -0.684933 | -0.542079 | -0.650885 | -0.997802 | |
72 |
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-0.619805 | -0.645452 | -0.982503 | -1.10231 | -1.05565 | -1.04279 | |
73 |
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-1.06046 | ||||||
74 |
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-0.752351 | -0.805746 | -1.03613 | -0.86519 | -0.889031 | -1.06616 | |
75 |
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-0.509268 | -0.535805 | -0.774475 | -0.559651 | -0.747625 | -1.09205 | |
76 |
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-0.746415 | -0.742204 | -1.01445 | -0.956349 | -0.986909 | -1.11161 | |
77 |
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-0.918402 | -1.00205 | -1.04674 | -0.844104 | -0.926026 | -1.13868 | |
78 |
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-1.05444 | -1.00907 | -1.27263 | -1.47184 | -1.15991 | -1.19204 | |
79 |
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-1.01474 | -1.05514 | -1.20526 | ||||
80 |
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-0.995243 | -0.730645 | -0.919298 | -1.03347 | -1.0393 | -1.20639 | |
81 |
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-1.26465 | -1.15076 | -1.46341 | -1.56239 | -1.46649 | -1.3311 | |
82 |
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-0.770023 | -0.708563 | -1.06674 | -1.30875 | -1.33499 | -1.3774 | |
83 |
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-0.831354 | -0.726138 | -0.823322 | -0.820193 | -0.964509 | -1.56216 | |
84 |
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-1.20509 | -1.35158 | -1.67769 | -1.55696 | -1.27419 | -1.76497 | |
85 |
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-1.86292 | -1.6776 | -2.26649 | ||||
86 |
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-1.00321 | -0.886393 | -0.934617 | ||||
87 |
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0.870845 | 0.964292 | 0.87724 | 0.955651 | 1.05247 | ||
88 |
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-1.22062 | -1.14902 | -1.34438 | -1.30363 | |||
89 |
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-0.811479 | -1.12529 | -0.942948 | ||||
90 |
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0.73466 | 0.70694 | 0.751166 | 0.787654 | 0.82995 | ||
91 |
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-0.837184 | -0.778208 | -0.671987 | -0.462205 | -0.371802 | ||
92 |
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-0.074789 | -0.07214 | -0.462099 | -0.369927 | -0.355486 | ||
93 |
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-1.21695 | -1.12329 | -0.675039 | -0.730753 | -0.814235 | ||
94 |
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0.480965 | 0.469842 | 0.28954 | 0.268345 | 0.2257 | ||
95 |
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-0.215986 | -0.104485 | -0.231462 | -0.129961 | -0.06973 | ||
96 |
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-1.06695 | -1.29544 | |||||
97 |
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-0.829728 | -1.36163 | |||||
98 |
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-2.09087 | -2.79136 | |||||
99 |
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-0.296786 | -0.436697 | -1.49314 | -0.836979 | -0.789111 | ||
100 |
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-0.883107 | -0.71229 | -0.955061 | -1.00073 | -1.13505 | ||
101 |
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1.71439 | 1.61173 | 1.57477 | 1.49895 | 1.45829 | ||
102 |
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-1.93445 | -1.65831 | -1.873 | -1.84461 | -1.86774 | ||
103 |
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-1.71191 | -1.61348 | -1.73702 | -1.72001 | -1.79177 | ||
104 |
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-0.610053 | -0.580113 | -0.616658 | -0.51908 | -0.57392 | ||
105 |
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1.7891 | 1.71686 | 1.72767 | 1.64981 | 1.66445 | ||
106 |
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-0.670493 | ||||||
107 |
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0.293449 | 0.281872 | 0.107992 | 0.177455 | 0.151603 | ||
108 |
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-0.618845 | -0.546339 | -0.69924 | -0.841034 | -1.00906 | ||
109 |
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-1.27821 | ||||||
110 |
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-1.3111 | -1.16195 | -1.22607 | -1.2084 | -1.14672 | ||
111 |
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-0.567857 | -0.858712 | |||||
112 |
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0.952353 | 0.885129 | 0.818227 | 0.756212 | 0.860275 | ||
113 |
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-0.395827 | -0.390929 | -0.41667 | -0.264365 | -0.525304 | ||
114 |
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-1.00593 | -1.09788 | |||||
115 |
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-0.690727 | -0.398168 | -0.429599 | -0.370913 | -0.408544 | ||
116 |
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-0.750633 | -0.621731 | -0.731336 | -0.544915 | -0.562239 | ||
117 |
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-0.555588 | -0.531504 | |||||
118 |
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-1.10503 | -0.943499 | -1.17559 | ||||
119 |
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-1.72675 | -1.66077 | -2.17828 | -1.77331 | |||
120 |
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-1.20641 | -1.0558 | -1.05279 | -1.17654 | -1.14491 | ||
121 |
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-0.939743 | -0.853344 | -1.16084 | -1.18122 | -1.29269 | ||
122 |
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-1.44623 | -1.50891 | -1.44358 | -1.7818 | -1.63889 | ||
123 |
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1.46906 | 1.43073 | 1.4359 | 1.41088 | 1.39199 | ||
124 |
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-0.390539 | -0.293485 | -0.505798 | -0.412311 | -0.440422 |