The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the Product Complexity Index (PCI) are, respectively, measures of the relative knowledge intensity of an economy or a product. ECI measures the knowledge intensity of an economy by considering the knowledge intensity of the products it exports. PCI measures the knowledge intensity of a product by considering the knowledge intensity of its exporters. This circular argument is mathematically tractable and can be used to construct relative measures of the knowledge intensity of economies and products (see methodology section for more details).
ECI has been validated as a relevant economic measure by showing its ability to predict future economic growth (see Hidalgo and Hausmann 2009), and explain international variations in income inequality (see Hartmann et al. 2017.
This page includes rankings using the Economic Complexity Index (ECI).
Showing
Year Range
| Country | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Japan
|
2.45075 | 2.47862 | 2.46767 | 2.40412 | 2.34652 | |
| 2 |
Germany
|
2.19574 | 2.20445 | 2.15958 | 2.11126 | 2.01485 | |
| 3 |
Switzerland
|
2.12764 | 2.05783 | 2.06907 | 2.05479 | 1.99311 | |
| 4 |
Sweden
|
2.09665 | 2.08697 | 2.02943 | 1.94426 | 1.91852 | |
| 5 |
Finland
|
1.80769 | 1.81559 | 1.80046 | 1.77725 | 1.77327 | |
| 6 |
United Kingdom
|
1.94824 | 1.89629 | 1.77065 | 1.72653 | 1.7096 | |
| 7 |
Austria
|
1.76393 | 1.81965 | 1.74605 | 1.7452 | 1.70293 | |
| 8 |
United States
|
1.85046 | 1.76594 | 1.74324 | 1.66414 | 1.62483 | |
| 9 |
Singapore
|
1.53699 | 1.63902 | 1.5652 | 1.46932 | 1.55653 | |
| 10 |
South Korea
|
1.31421 | 1.27258 | 1.41097 | 1.52046 | 1.54709 | |
| 11 |
Czech Republic
|
1.55938 | 1.53388 | 1.54784 | 1.55209 | 1.52445 | |
| 12 |
France
|
1.60873 | 1.55541 | 1.54456 | 1.50134 | 1.47143 | |
| 13 |
Slovenia
|
1.42282 | 1.55648 | 1.54609 | 1.49585 | 1.44105 | |
| 14 |
Denmark
|
1.50739 | 1.50872 | 1.4818 | 1.44935 | 1.40257 | |
| 15 |
Hungary
|
1.11232 | 1.15856 | 1.17404 | 1.2364 | 1.30326 | |
| 16 |
Italy
|
1.37375 | 1.3861 | 1.39804 | 1.34865 | 1.29984 | |
| 17 |
Ireland
|
1.62751 | 1.51601 | 1.3506 | 1.37041 | 1.29819 | |
| 18 |
Belgium
|
1.37738 | 1.33257 | 1.27927 | 1.23122 | 1.26407 | |
| 19 |
Slovakia
|
1.20213 | 1.20926 | 1.28788 | 1.27784 | 1.20851 | |
| 20 |
Netherlands
|
1.21646 | 1.18126 | 1.18347 | 1.09357 | 1.09737 | |
| 21 |
Israel
|
1.04926 | 1.1044 | 1.0958 | 1.04361 | 1.08661 | |
| 22 |
Mexico
|
1.02195 | 0.978828 | 0.986745 | 1.10303 | 1.06339 | |
| 23 |
Spain
|
1.04465 | 1.04322 | 1.0347 | 1.02466 | 1.02372 | |
| 24 |
Poland
|
0.897007 | 0.899269 | 0.967138 | 0.968439 | 0.978851 | |
| 25 |
Croatia
|
0.645311 | 0.681113 | 0.735727 | 0.787117 | 0.842586 | |
| 26 |
Canada
|
0.919277 | 0.862716 | 0.848054 | 0.811793 | 0.789332 | |
| 27 |
Malaysia
|
0.753853 | 0.854059 | 0.795607 | 0.781241 | 0.716039 | |
| 28 |
Estonia
|
0.515964 | 0.562663 | 0.674146 | 0.694548 | 0.713069 | |
| 29 |
Belarus
|
0.723122 | 0.832963 | 0.858138 | 0.856248 | 0.682706 | |
| 30 |
Serbia
|
0.620072 | 0.678498 | ||||
| 31 |
Romania
|
0.373828 | 0.320218 | 0.42384 | 0.493627 | 0.673123 | |
| 32 |
Norway
|
0.758139 | 0.775049 | 0.757271 | 0.716319 | 0.660506 | |
| 33 |
Portugal
|
0.488495 | 0.559365 | 0.627309 | 0.638432 | 0.637016 | |
| 34 |
China
|
0.442061 | 0.452979 | 0.474971 | 0.587449 | 0.632635 | |
| 35 |
Ukraine
|
0.488237 | 0.551859 | 0.595211 | 0.553144 | 0.601226 | |
| 36 |
Latvia
|
0.311667 | 0.309156 | 0.427594 | 0.532376 | 0.549968 | |
| 37 |
Brazil
|
0.42281 | 0.399357 | 0.450112 | 0.477157 | 0.548606 | |
| 38 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
0.210007 | 0.365334 | 0.429642 | 0.52393 | 0.529734 | |
| 39 |
Hong Kong
|
0.549568 | 0.567609 | 0.574415 | 0.5907 | 0.527091 | |
| 40 |
Lithuania
|
0.164931 | 0.196164 | 0.309178 | 0.448797 | 0.521501 | |
| 41 |
Russia
|
0.65224 | 0.568381 | 0.557305 | 0.607811 | 0.510294 | |
| 42 |
Thailand
|
0.418108 | 0.446709 | 0.463214 | 0.433048 | 0.491304 | |
| 43 |
Turkey
|
0.176945 | 0.177247 | 0.252509 | 0.366668 | 0.413431 | |
| 44 |
Bulgaria
|
0.365341 | 0.309366 | 0.34386 | 0.373395 | 0.410246 | |
| 45 |
New Zealand
|
0.25454 | 0.287348 | 0.334674 | 0.348336 | 0.340088 | |
| 46 |
Lebanon
|
-0.056157 | -0.017576 | 0.113553 | 0.169187 | 0.298636 | |
| 47 |
Panama
|
0.033435 | 0.025462 | 0.036751 | 0.120865 | 0.262895 | |
| 48 |
Greece
|
0.221214 | 0.210503 | 0.233397 | 0.172724 | 0.204131 | |
| 49 |
India
|
0.176804 | 0.152537 | 0.158145 | 0.167513 | 0.168601 | |
| 50 |
South Africa
|
0.128366 | 0.094685 | 0.16654 | 0.237984 | 0.165269 | |
| 51 |
Philippines
|
-0.005396 | -0.0344 | -0.119035 | -0.000206 | 0.123978 | |
| 52 |
Jordan
|
-0.113429 | 0.012317 | -0.044752 | 0.009857 | 0.116103 | |
| 53 |
Argentina
|
-0.022571 | 0.002533 | 0.03593 | 0.053536 | 0.073768 | |
| 54 |
Uruguay
|
0.096728 | -0.045061 | 0.017114 | 0.009544 | 0.065203 | |
| 55 |
Colombia
|
0.141137 | 0.108143 | 0.108932 | 0.053324 | 0.024946 | |
| 56 |
Tunisia
|
-0.316525 | -0.279088 | -0.159174 | -0.131907 | -0.002222 | |
| 57 |
United Arab Emirates
|
-0.157405 | -0.090661 | -0.085822 | 0.027597 | -0.021976 | |
| 58 |
Costa Rica
|
0.010613 | -0.004518 | 0.006471 | -0.074199 | -0.022522 | |
| 59 |
Qatar
|
-0.418974 | 0.1045 | 0.024745 | -0.164568 | -0.052826 | |
| 60 |
Moldova
|
0.042335 | -0.019115 | -0.071912 | -0.133663 | -0.072815 | |
| 61 |
Indonesia
|
-0.015577 | -0.079228 | -0.03753 | -0.118449 | -0.08396 | |
| 62 |
Saudi Arabia
|
0.104983 | 0.155848 | -0.074557 | -0.14292 | -0.153061 | |
| 63 |
Trinidad and Tobago
|
0.071435 | 0.003869 | 0.033114 | -0.015152 | -0.153895 | |
| 64 |
Macedonia
|
-0.172163 | -0.062273 | -0.107521 | -0.191644 | -0.17045 | |
| 65 |
Australia
|
-0.038353 | -0.218672 | -0.213502 | -0.155239 | -0.171363 | |
| 66 |
Chile
|
-0.069191 | -0.150324 | -0.150391 | -0.196433 | -0.171878 | |
| 67 |
El Salvador
|
-0.102685 | -0.094959 | -0.080838 | -0.116526 | -0.189023 | |
| 68 |
Egypt
|
-0.368092 | -0.351883 | -0.313441 | -0.225445 | -0.220008 | |
| 69 |
Dominican Republic
|
-0.469881 | -0.300896 | -0.332228 | -0.211474 | -0.222327 | |
| 70 |
Guatemala
|
-0.408678 | -0.353519 | -0.260139 | -0.295499 | -0.227969 | |
| 71 |
Georgia
|
0.178932 | -0.17425 | -0.18585 | -0.305433 | -0.257126 | |
| 72 |
Oman
|
-0.745175 | -0.540399 | -0.792679 | -0.520017 | -0.267441 | |
| 73 |
Jamaica
|
-0.538303 | -0.294213 | -0.307798 | -0.427749 | -0.281016 | |
| 74 |
Kazakhstan
|
-0.102081 | -0.271761 | -0.249486 | -0.208866 | -0.340398 | |
| 75 |
Venezuela
|
-0.062459 | -0.134651 | -0.147508 | -0.163963 | -0.342388 | |
| 76 |
Kuwait
|
-0.156717 | -0.11916 | -0.268955 | -0.163299 | -0.350656 | |
| 77 |
Vietnam
|
-0.630272 | -0.653033 | -0.632908 | -0.518922 | -0.378907 | |
| 78 |
Sri Lanka
|
-0.62927 | -0.59254 | -0.543395 | -0.49913 | -0.429014 | |
| 79 |
Albania
|
-0.02384 | -0.128714 | -0.245883 | -0.395101 | -0.490889 | |
| 80 |
Uzbekistan
|
-0.463409 | -0.453 | -0.433318 | -0.430205 | -0.494788 | |
| 81 |
Zimbabwe
|
-0.343785 | -0.373302 | -0.395862 | -0.404289 | -0.495619 | |
| 82 |
Morocco
|
-0.76984 | -0.648625 | -0.48776 | -0.504934 | -0.522127 | |
| 83 |
Pakistan
|
-0.751032 | -0.770235 | -0.789144 | -0.628576 | -0.562095 | |
| 84 |
Paraguay
|
-0.566719 | -0.603935 | -0.516896 | -0.602863 | -0.582084 | |
| 85 |
Peru
|
-0.514557 | -0.648479 | -0.579638 | -0.554171 | -0.614336 | |
| 86 |
Honduras
|
-0.656674 | -0.566724 | -0.676137 | -0.74113 | -0.623958 | |
| 87 |
Kenya
|
-0.575552 | -0.701251 | -0.6198 | -0.703524 | -0.680229 | |
| 88 |
Algeria
|
-0.875592 | -1.11 | -1.11468 | -0.788727 | -0.682755 | |
| 89 |
Syria
|
-0.941886 | -0.86175 | -0.749744 | -0.694426 | -0.685109 | |
| 90 |
Iran
|
-0.853785 | -0.881575 | -0.898796 | -0.79443 | -0.750568 | |
| 91 |
Laos
|
-0.843126 | -1.01988 | -0.891806 | -0.883054 | -0.820657 | |
| 92 |
Ecuador
|
-0.856247 | -0.846191 | -0.77456 | -0.851284 | -0.834038 | |
| 93 |
Bolivia
|
-0.797802 | -0.919345 | -0.856918 | -0.851524 | -0.871062 | |
| 94 |
Senegal
|
-0.972446 | -0.872446 | -0.809369 | -0.821983 | -0.889482 | |
| 95 |
Botswana
|
-0.818465 | -0.708473 | -0.845061 | -0.856364 | -0.891555 | |
| 96 |
Togo
|
-0.676074 | -0.758799 | -0.856163 | -0.931563 | -0.895164 | |
| 97 |
Nicaragua
|
-0.807707 | -0.763565 | -0.820232 | -0.892176 | -0.900827 | |
| 98 |
Turkmenistan
|
-0.952721 | -0.940244 | -0.915679 | -0.757745 | -0.917194 | |
| 99 |
Zambia
|
-1.09653 | -0.934754 | -0.925683 | -1.17274 | -0.921299 | |
| 100 |
Namibia
|
-0.554921 | -0.655761 | -0.805754 | -0.846134 | -0.936692 | |
| 101 |
Gabon
|
-1.6291 | -0.956786 | -1.31646 | -1.26555 | -0.961084 | |
| 102 |
Bangladesh
|
-1.1201 | -1.23386 | -1.17652 | -1.19826 | -1.01275 | |
| 103 |
Mongolia
|
-0.681431 | -0.865264 | -0.924295 | -0.971723 | -1.03852 | |
| 104 |
Ghana
|
-1.24972 | -1.35863 | -1.38268 | -1.22288 | -1.05022 | |
| 105 |
Madagascar
|
-1.20383 | -1.20019 | -1.18539 | -1.11331 | -1.08764 | |
| 106 |
Azerbaijan
|
-0.36504 | -0.595619 | -0.769416 | -0.981761 | -1.08907 | |
| 107 |
Ethiopia
|
-0.93631 | -1.1606 | -0.937456 | -1.05951 | -1.14921 | |
| 108 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
-1.1042 | -1.16123 | -1.34175 | -1.35887 | -1.17151 | |
| 109 |
Tanzania
|
-1.14524 | -1.19819 | -1.17276 | -1.19109 | -1.17687 | |
| 110 |
Cambodia
|
-1.02579 | -1.14921 | -1.17042 | -1.20287 | -1.2005 | |
| 111 |
Burma
|
-1.23973 | -1.3014 | -1.23916 | -1.24742 | -1.20659 | |
| 112 |
Mozambique
|
-1.20899 | -1.34734 | -1.1731 | -1.2241 | -1.27774 | |
| 113 |
Cote d'Ivoire
|
-1.23738 | -1.27946 | -1.2167 | -1.31008 | -1.29502 | |
| 114 |
Yemen
|
-1.44892 | -1.56273 | -1.54465 | -1.51778 | -1.39501 | |
| 115 |
Guinea
|
-1.59046 | -1.3383 | -1.23361 | -1.22219 | -1.53055 | |
| 116 |
Cameroon
|
-1.45477 | -1.55106 | -1.81234 | -1.80901 | -1.62851 | |
| 117 |
Mauritania
|
-0.976701 | -1.53823 | -1.22737 | -1.73472 | -1.82521 | |
| 118 |
Republic of the Congo
|
-1.35403 | -1.41438 | -1.56017 | -1.6858 | -1.82685 | |
| 119 |
Angola
|
-2.06924 | -0.705732 | -0.787959 | -0.798225 | -1.91304 | |
| 120 |
Nigeria
|
-2.05963 | -2.40836 | -2.32188 | -2.1849 | -2.06466 | |
| 121 |
Sudan
|
-1.5408 | -1.57514 | -1.82539 | -1.99046 | -2.07678 |